Showing posts with label Computer. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Computer. Show all posts

 


The internet has revolutionized the way we connect with others, how we shop, the ways in which we socialize and how we work. It has also caused some big changes in how we make money.

People use the internet to make a little cash, and others have turned working on the web into their primary source of income. For some folks, this means a lot of income. To help you make the most money you can from the World Wide Web, here are seven top tips for making money that can help you to optimize and increase your income.

1. Start A Blog


It doesn’t matter if you are in the business of selling widgets; every site needs a blog! Blogs let you add fresh content all the time, content that will keep visitors coming back for more and that will keep your pages on the top of search results.

Blog pages also give you more space for discrete advertisements and affiliate programs and other similar streams of revenue. Additionally, getting paid for doing sponsored posts and reviews are a great way to make more money. So, if you haven’t already got one, start a blog today!

2. If Something Is Too Good To Be True, It Probably Is!


Don’t get blinded by promises of big pay checks. If something or someone is promising to pay you big bucks for doing nearly nothing, it probably isn’t what it claims to be.

3. Use Social Media


Social media networks like Facebook and Twitter are top ways to build a buzz around your website or business. If you have multiple sites, be sure that each of them has an account that is updated regularly. Social sites aren’t repayable as your only form of advertising, but they can help to build a lot of brand recognition and send eyes to your sites.

4. Pick One Niche & Expand Outward


While it may be tempting to start blogs and sites that appeal to lots of top categories, this strategy may spread you out too thin and prevent you from ever truly optimizing any of these channels. Start with one niche that you are the most knowledgeable about, establish yourself as an expert and then expand out from there. Only then start working out other areas.

5. Work On It Every Day!


Making money on the web is something that happens 24 hours a day seven days a week. If you start building your site and take a hiatus for a few weeks, you site will still be there, but many of your viewers or customers won’t be. If you have a blog, try to update once a day at minimum. If you have a site or service, try to respond to emails within 24 hours. Even though you can’t be available all the time, your site is, and whether rightly or not, your visitors expect you to be too.

6. Don’t Try To Make Your Money The Easy Way

That isn’t to say that you shouldn’t go after the easy money from things like ads, but you shouldn’t have that be your only way to make money. Ads may make you some extra money, but every click on these ads often earns you only pennies. Additionally, the folks who visit your pages don’t like ads, and if your page is slathered with them people won’t keep visiting your page, and they definitely won’t be clicking on those ads.

7. Work Multiple Channels
If you put all of your eggs in one basket, you are asking for trouble. Even if you have the best ideas, best products or best anything else, it doesn’t mean that it will make you a ton of loot. If you have your online widget store, you should also be sure to have a widget blog (with ads and affiliate marketing programs) and maybe even an eBay store to unload widget overstock. This way you are hedging your bets and making sure you have money coming in from other channels in the event of difficulties with one of your streams.


Introduction

In computing, C is a general-purpose programming language initially developed by Dennis Ritchie.

Like most imperative languages in the ALGOL tradition, C has facilities for structured programming and allows lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations.

A Simple C Program

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

int main ()

{

   clrscr();

   printf(“Welcome to C

           Language”);

   getch();

   return 0;

}

Output :

Welcome to C Language

In the above program:

The first line of the program contains a preprocessing directive, indicated by “#include”

This is an instruction to the compiler (a program that translates C code into such information that a computer can understand.)

It tells the compiler that another file is needed to compile the program; in this case, stdio.h and conio.h are used.

stdio.h is a standard input/output file that includes definitions for common input and output methods.

conio.h is a header file used mostly by MS-DOS compilers to provide console input/output.

The "main" has a couple of parentheses, which are an indication to the compiler that this is a function.

The two curly brackets { }, properly called braces, are used to specify the limits of the program itself.

“clrscr()” is used to clear the previous output screen.

“printf()” is used to print the contents of the parentheses, in this case: the output is “Welcome to C Language”

In C, semi-colon (;) is used to signal to the compiler that a line is complete.

In this program getch() is just used to pause a program after it prints “Welcome to C Language.”

Without this, the screen would just flash the statement and then close.

return

In C, functions often return values.

Some functions return numbers or characters.

The main() function should always return either zero or one.

This is what the program above will look like when it runs on your screen:

The History of C

C was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie.

In 1983, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) established a committee to provide a modern, comprehensive definition of C.

The resulting definition, the ANSI standard, or "ANSI C", was completed late in 1988.

Today C is in widespread use with a rich standard library of functions.

Why Use C?

Mainly because it produces code that runs nearly as fast as code written in Assembly Language.

Many different kinds of software are written in C:

Language compilers and interpreter

Device drivers

Telecom applications

Network programming

Digital signal processing applications

Database applications

Text editors

Operating systems

Evaluation of C Programming

C is often called a "Pseudo high level language" or a "Middle level language."

This is not because of its lack of programming power but because of its capability to access the system's low level functions.

C instructions are compiled to assembly code; therefore, depending on the complexity of the code and on the compiler optimization capabilities, C code may run as fast as assembly code.

C is prized for its efficiency, and is the most popular programming language for writing system software.

Execution of C Programs

There are four steps for creating and executing a program in C:

Creating a Program:

Programs are often written using an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) such as Microsoft Visual Studio.

Programs can be written using only a basic text editing program like notepad, but Microsoft Visual Studio has many useful features, such as:

Debugging capabilities

An integrated compiler

Code navigation tools

Compiling the Program:

The next step is to compile the program.

A C compiler converts executable code to object code.

Object code consists of binary instructions for the computer to execute.

Linking a Program to a Library:

The object code of a program is linked with libraries that are needed for the execution of a program.

The linker is used to link the program with libraries.

It creates a file with '.exe' extension.

Execution of the Program:

The final executable file is then run by the dos command prompt.

C Programming Advantages

C is a small, efficient, powerful and flexible language.

C is close to computer H/W (architecture).

C is standardized, making it more portable compared to other languages.

It contains libraries.

Many other languages borrow syntax from C syntax.

Example:

Java, JavaScript, Perl.

The Future of C

C is an important language which will continue to be so.

Many other languages are based on C, so learning the principles of C help one understand and learn additional languages.

C is a better option when it comes to programming device drivers, embedded applications and utility programs.



Personal Computer Hardware

The main parts of a personal computer include following:

The CPU:

Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)

Control Unit (CU)

Interface Unit

Memory:

Primary storage

Secondary storage

Peripheral Devices:

A Peripheral is a device attached to a host computer, but not a part of it.

Examples include Input/output devices like:

Monitor

Keyboard

Floppy/CD/DVD drives

Speaker

Printer

Scanner

Light pen

Bus (a bundle of wires)

Channels (separate processor)

CPU: Central Processing Unit

The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of a computer system.

It carries out the instructions of a computer program, to perform the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system.

Below chart depicts all the components of the CPU:

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

Performs arithmetic and logical operations.

Arithmetic operations include:

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division

Logic includes:

AND, OR, NOT and Shift

CU (Control Unit)

Performs fetch/execute cycle.

Accesses and retrieves program instructions from the memory and issues commands to the ALU.

Moves data to and from the CPU, registers, and other hardware components.

Registers:

All modern CPUs have an array of registers.

There are at least 32 general purpose registers.

The register can be accessed in one CPU cycle.

The register serves as the source of operands, as the destination of results, and temporarily stores intermediate results.

Memory management unit:

Manages fetching of instructions and data from memory.

I/O Interface

Provides the mechanism for the input/output of data.

Sometimes combined with memory management unit in a single Bus Interface Unit.

Memory

Memory can be classified into two groups.

Primary memory

 Secondary memory

Primary memory:

It is a smaller segment of memory for storing program and data.

The internal memory of a computer system uses electronic semiconductor devices called ROM and RAM.

Secondary memory:

It is used for long term storage of data.

Floppy disk and hard disk are examples.

RAM - Random Access Memory 

RAM is the memory part of a computer that stores information temporarily while the computer is on.

It is this region into which programs are loaded before the CPU processes those informations.

RAM is volatile in nature, which means that the contents are lost once the power supply is switched off.

Two types of RAM are:

Static RAM

Dynamic RAM

Static RAM (SRAM):

SRAM is a type of memory that maintains data in storage as long as it is powered.

Because it is faster and more reliable and expensive than DRAM

Dynamic RAM (DRAM):

DRAM is a type of random-access memory that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit.

ROM - Read Only Memory

It is a Read Only Memory.

Program or data stored in the ROM can only be read; they cannot be altered.

ROM is non-volatile which means that the contents are not changed when the power is switched off.

Types of ROMs:

EPROM

EEPROM

EPROM

An EPROM (rarely EROM), or erasable programmable read only memory, is a type of memory chip that retains its data when its power supply is switched off. In other words, it is non-volatile.

EEPROM

EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory and is a type of non-volatile memory.

It is used in computers and other electronic devices to store small amounts of data that must be saved when power is removed, e.g., calibration tables or device configuration.

Bus 

Buses are the set of wires that carry special information to or from the CPU.

There are three types of buses:

Address buses: These buses carry address given by the CPU from one unit to another in the computer.

Data buses: These buses carry data from one unit to other; it is a bi-directional bus i.e. the data can be carried in both directions.

Control signal: These buses carry control signal from ALU to memory and from memory to ALU and then to the output unit.


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